Br Magnetic Question – The magnet I ordered has a Br spec of 12.4 kG – why is the flux density only measuring 3.0 kG?
This is best explained through referencing the permanent magnet characteristic of permeance coefficient, which is strictly determined by geometry. In general, longer magnets have greater permeance coefficients. Additionally, a magnet with a higher permeance coefficient functions at a higher operating point. Now, imagine stretching a magnet so that its magnetic length is infinite. Per the previous few sentences, this would result in a magnet with the largest possible permeance coefficient and, consequently, the highest possible operating point. This is the only configuration where a magnet operates at Br.
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Br Magnetic Question
Any other geometric configuration will operate at some point less than this. Since practical magnets have discrete lengths less than infinity, they fall victim to this geometric constraint and operate at levels lower than the Br value. Further, a magnet’s Br value is not an indication of the field density seen outside of the magnet. It is the induced field, inside of the magnet, which remains when the magnetizing force is removed and the permeance coefficient is infinte.
To perform work, the magnetic flux must leave the magnet and induce a field in space. This induced field will vary with position outside of the magnet. Numerous images show plots of magnetic flux lines in space, (e.g. the iron filings experiment in school). A Gauss reading measures the density, or how closely packed, these lines are in any given space. The surface of a magnet will produce the highest gauss reading because (very nearly) all of the flux generated by the magnet is exiting from the pole face. This reading is still, however, not equal to Br. This is due to the geometric constraints mentioned in the preceding paragraph. As the flux lines enter the outside world, they become less densely packed as they wend their way to the nearest permeable material (often the opposite pole of the same magnet). Consequently, when designing a magnet, not only must the magnetic characteristics of the material be considered, but also the geometric effects of the proposed shape.
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